Reduplication is the process of repeating a word to extend its lexical or grammatical meaning. The «-» symbol is used to mark reduplication. Since most times reduplication is used it is part of a NC or a VC, only the most salient part of the complex would get the reduplication. That would usually be root of a NC or the primary verb of the VC. However, it is not out of the realm of possibility for other words to be reduplicated as the discourse needs it, especially the incorporated noun in the VC.
[types of plurals]
Simple plurals are marked by reduplicating the rime of the root. The tone on the reduplicated part would also match that of the reciting tone of the word.
Collective plurals are marked by reduplicating the whole root. The tone on the reduplicated part would also match that of the reciting tone of the word.
When the holder particle in a verb is partially reduplicated, it is a reflexive construction. That is, "one to another" or "Me to myself".
| Què | cang | cāo | cang | cip! |
| dist.dir | tired | 1sg-2sg | tired | lump.2m |
| "I am making you an exhausted mess!" | ||||